The Algerian Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Desalination PPP Program involves the development of ten large-scale SWRO desalination plants, together providing roughly 2 million m³ of potable water per day, located in key coastal cities across Algeria, including Algiers, Skikda, Oran and others. The project aims to address Algeria’s chronic urban water shortages and drought-induced supply gaps that left residents of Algiers receiving water only every other day during the 2002 crisis, and is expected to generate economic, social and environmental benefits by improving the reliability of drinking-water service, public health, and overall water-sector resilience. As part of the evaluation, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis was conducted in line with international good practices, assessing the program’s financial viability, economic efficiency, distributional impacts and fiscal implications. The analysis included detailed demand forecasts, capital and operating cost estimates, and risk-adjusted sensitivity scenarios to ensure robust decision-making support for the Ministry of Water Resources and the Algerian Energy Company.